Essay --

Guillermo Campos ID #477549 Term paper on Global Warming Ways and Means That Could Be Employed to Save the Earth from Global Warming. Global warming should be a concern for modern day humanity. It can be a determining factor in preserving our humanity. Preventive measures can be implemented to enhance the quality of the air we breathe and the environment we live in. Becoming educated about going green is a great method for addressing global warming. It could make a difference in the next phase of our humanity. We must all contribute in our own way to help prevent global warming. Global warming is one the most debated environmental topic of this day. Everyone is concern with the next phase of humanity. Will we survive? Will the earth replenish itself from all these toxins? Including the many means and ways to prevent this human catastrophic event. Global warming is defined as a sustained increase in the earth’s atmospheric temperature. This is due to human practices that result in an increase in the emission of carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere from cars, heat from homes and businesses, factories. These few things alone contribute to about 80% of today’s carbon-dioxide emissions, 25% methane, and 20% nitrous-oxide. The increase in agriculture, deforestation, industrial production, and mining contribute a significant share of emissions as well. Also the burning of solid waste, fossil fuels and wood products are a major problem too. Scientist believe that global warming is a combination of human activities as well as natural climatic change. Climatic change as a result of the natural life cycle can be a contribu... ... decrease in the algae population and this would result in a population increase for algae. In the end the fate of humanity with respect to global warming will be determined by the actions we take individually and as a whole. The first thing to do is monitor our behaviors. We need to practice more safe and environmental friendly activities when it comes to helping to make our earth a cleaner and safer place to live. We can do more to recycle. We have to be mindful of how we dump our garbage. Definitely, we can use more environmental products. Overall, the issue of preventing global warming is on us as humans. Nature plays a part as Fas climate changes but most of the responsibility of keeping the earth clean and staying on that path is ultimately our responsibility.

David And Goliath :: essays research papers

David and Goliath The story of David and Goliath can be thought of as a timeless tale of 1) good versus evil and 2) the fact that the win does not always go to the strongest or biggest, it goes to the most determined or strong willed. David, the good spirited fighter who wanted to save the Israelites from Goliath, for example, was eager, confident, and prepared to win, as described in 1 Samuel 17:48 - "David ran quickly toward the battle line to meet the Philistine". David was a hero to the Israelites because he was able to kill Goliath, who had "come up to defy Israel" (1 Samuel 17:25). Although Goliath was a large, experienced fighter with a sword, David, determined to save the Israelites from Goliath's evils. David mentions that Goliath had defied the armies of the living God, and for that he would be punished. David's strength, it seems, dwelled in "the name of the Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel" (1 Samuel 17:45). However, Goliath was dependent on the power of weapons, and was sure that a sword and spear would win the battle. It's difficult to say what this meant to the Hebrews, but I interpreted it as symbolizing that the superiority and strength of their Lord was stronger than was any weapon. I gathered this, since one of the statements mentioned in 1 Samuel was: "the Lord does not save by sword and spear; for the battle is the Lord's and he will give you into our hand" (17:47). Since the Lord's followers were the Israelites, the Lord savedhis people from harm through sending David to conquer Goliath. The story of David and Goliath is a tale still told in modern day. I assume it signifies the fact that the winner of a battle isn't always the strongest, the fastest, or the one with the most weapons. The winner, instead, is the one who intelligently finds a way to make use of the resources that are available to him, and use these resources (the rocks, in this particular story), to gain triumph.

Effect of Technology and Network Security Support on Information Security Essay

Introduction Information security has become one of the challenges in ripping benefits of information technology. It has been found out that most people fear using modern information and communication technology due to fear of the privacy of their personal details. Information technology has supported the growth of online services like e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance, and many others which required people to give their sensitive personal details. However, practice like hacking and others which breach security of information have eroded personal confidence in use of ICT service. Information security can be described as the act of giving protection to information and systems by denying unauthorized access, use, disclosure or modification. The effect of Technology on information security The following are the technological methods that are used in ensuing information security; Authentication Authentication is the process through which a person or any other things undergoes through a verification process to determine whether it is the one. It is the way through which something or someone is confirmed to establish whether the claim made is actually true (McNab, 2004).   Authentication may involve confirmation of personal identity, origin of any artifact or basically making assurance that computer programs is trusted. Authentication is one of the commonly used methods of ensuring information security. It may be implemented through different methods including; Password A password can be defined as private information that is only known to the owner. A password assigns a user identity which is associated with the password. The password therefore becomes the gateway for the user to access that particular identity (Information Resources, 2009).   Passwords are personal and therefore the standard of the password is very important. Strong passwords are difficult to guess as compared to weak passwords and therefore they offer more security to private information. It is important that user safeguard their password and once they suspect that someone else has accessed their passwords they should consider changing them to ensure security. Token A security token is a hardware device that is used by the owner to authenticate their identity.   Once the device is recognized by the network, the user is given access to the system.   A token can be in different forms ranging from smart cards, key fob, and many others (Erin, 2005).   Tokens provide high level security through two-factor authentication method. First, the owner has a personal identification number or PIN which authorizes them to access the device. Second the device displays that PIN number of the user to the system which allows them to access the system. Unlike passwords, token are more secure since even if the device falls in wrong hands, it will be difficult to guess the PIN.   The four types of tokes include static password, synchronous dynamic password, asynchronous password, and challenge response. Biometrics Biometric is one of the most advance authentication techniques that are used when dealing with many people. It will be observed that today, everyone enters in a baseball match after their physical characteristics have been recorded in a system while in school kids use their thumb to access meals. These represent the commonly used biometric techniques where the emphasis is one authentication using personal physical characteristics (Down and Sands, 2004).   Biometric uses different physical characteristics including eye, face, voice, fingerprints, shape of the hand, and many others. These characteristics are quite unique to every individual and they are one of the strong proofs to the personal identity.   However, biometric authentication devices are very costly to buy and maintain and therefore they are used in very sensitive situations. One of the greatest weaknesses of this method is that it is very easy to attacked stored comparison images than to copy those physical traits.   In most cases, biometrics is used as a two factor authentication methods where a password is combined with personal physical appearance. Software There are a number of softwares that have been developed to protect information in any network. The following are common software used in information security; Antivirus Antivirus are software developed to protect information from virus, spy ware, and malware. Antiviruses are used mostly in internet connected network where there is a high risk of spread of virus (Dhillon, 2007). Antivirus software mostly used includes MacAfee, Karspasky, NOD32, and many others. Content filtering Content filtering is also known as information filtering.   It encompasses the use of software to screen information on computers. It is also used in internet firewall especially by corporations to guard some information considered private. Content filtering helps to include or to exclude some information which can be accessed by a person and excluding information which is deemed objectionable (Dhillon, 2007). Content filtering is also used at home and at school in order to filter information that can be accessed by children. In this case, it is used to filter out pornographic materials and violence oriented materials.   In the internet content filtering can be classified into web filtering where some WebPages are filtered out and e-mail filtering where e-mails are screened for spam. However, content filtering is criticized on the ground that some important information may be filtered out of the accessible content such that the information accessed does not really help the user. Encryption With the increased use of the internet, a great deal of sensitive personal information is sent from one person to another or to an organization. This raises serious questions regarding the safety of that information and the confidence that only the intended receiver receives and understands the information. To raise this level of confidence, data encryption method has been developed (Biham and Shamir, 1991). Although encryption has been used since the time of Roman Empire, it has become more complicated and with diverse use today. Encryption mainly involves conversion of a readable data to another form which can only be read and understood by a specified person or computer. This information is regarded as ciphered or encrypted data since it cannot be understood easily. It is recovered back to its original form through decryption. The level of protection and integrity in encryption is enforced by the use of message authentication code or digital signature. Message authentication code creates a secret key for the sender and receiver of the information which makes it more secure and authentic. Today, there are many softwares that are used in encrypting data. However, encryption is not one of the most secure methods of ensuring data security since there are various methods like traffic analysis, brute force, TEMPEST, and many others which can be used to crack the encrypted data (Biham and Shamir, 1991). It has been found that even some of the most complex algorithms like RSA, DES and others can be broken using these softwares. iii. Hardware Firewalls have also played an important role in enhancing information security.   They can be used either in hardware or in software or when the two are combined.   In day to day uses, firewalls are important in protection unauthorized access to a private network which is connected to the internet especially in the cases of intranets (Whitman and Mattord, 2007).   Firewalls filters all messaging entering and leaving the intranet to ensure that it blocks those messages which are devoid of the set security standards.   There are four major types of techniques used in implementing firewalls including Packet filter This is one of the most effective and transparent firewall techniques. Under this technique, each and every packet entering and leaving the network is filtered and only those which meet user defined criteria are allowed while the rest are blocked.   However, the technique is quite difficult to configure and is more susceptible to IP spoofing. Application gateway Application gateway applies a defined security mechanism to some specific applications like FTP, Telnet servers, and others.   Although it is quite effective, it can also lead to degradation of performance. Circuit level gateway This technique applies firewall security only when a TCP or UDP connected has been made. Once the connection is established, packets of data continue to flow without being checked since a secure connection has been made. Proxy server Proxy server technique intercepts in and out of a network. The server is quite effective in hiding the network addresses and hence cannot be obtained easily. The effect of Network Security Support on information security Although technology has been effective in deterring cyber crime, it is clear that technology alone cannot work. Even with the advanced technology and application of the various information security methods we have reviewed above, human support is still needed. There are various ways that have been employed in supporting technological method to fight cyber crimes. The following are some of these methods: Hacker Hunters Hacker hunters are special branches that have been set up in police department aimed at tracking down cyber criminals.   Hacker hunters are prowling cyberspace with an aim of tracking down and arresting professional cyber criminals who are motivated by big profits made online.   Hacker hunters are employing gumshoe techniques to track down cyber crime suspect (Grow and Bush, 2005). They are employing various methods including infiltration of hacker groups, monitoring the hackers through underground networks, and when possible, intercepting the hackers before they can cause any damage. Most important, hacker hunters are relying on intelligence in order to track cyber criminals. They are using informants inside hackers group to get vital information regarding their operation. For example in 2004, Hacker Hunters in Washington unleashed Operation Firewall in which they targeted members of the ShandowCrew tracking them through their website shandowcrew.com with the help of an informant from the group.   Hackers Hunters must therefore seek inside information from individuals in these groups in order to fight deter them. They are applying the same principles that were used in the 1960s to fight organized crime since both are similar in many aspects. Police Operations Police operations work in the same manner as hacker hunters.   In most cases, police operations are carried out by a special group within the police force and reinforce the work of hacker hunters.   For example in the above case, the Special Agents in the operation firewall got assistance from the local police forces.   Therefore police operations are important in pursuing cyber criminals to ensure security of information (Leyden, 2004). Unlike hacker hunters, police operations are carried out as fighting of routine crimes. This means that although there may be a special group carrying out police operations, it may not be entirely specialized in fighting cybercrime. In most countries, there are special internet police departments which are used in fighting internet crimes.   These police departments are entrusted with carrying out important functions like fighting cybercrime, censorship, propaganda, online scams, manipulation of online opinions, and others. However one of their most important duties is to work closely with hacker hunters in intervening and apprehending cyber criminals. Internet police departments also collaborate with other police departments in other countries in enforcing internet security laws and apprehending cyber criminals.   In the international front, Interpol has been important in enforcing international crimes. iii. Network Security Service Companies For many companies, proving information security is an expensive endeavor. Companies are not only required to install hardware and software devices, but they must also collaborate with authority to ensure information security. However, the growth of corporate resources in provision of secure business environment has made many information security methods inefficient and expensive (Lighthouse Security Group, 2009). For this reason, most companies are finding it appropriate to outsource comprehensive and streamlined network security services from Network Security Services Company. Network Security Service Companies have also become important in enforcing information security. These are companies which are specialized in providing services to enforce information security.   These companies offer Managed Security Services (MSS) which are security capabilities mostly outsourced by other companies. These services vary from supplementing of an existing security system to offering a complete new MSS where the Network Security Service Company is entrusted with information security. However, MSS is just one of the different types of managed services others including routing, hosting, LAN, VPN, and others.   Network Security Service Companies therefore offer specialized high quality network security services ensuring for many enterprises. Conclusion The increased incidence of breach of privacy of information has had negative impact on adoption of ICT services.   The emergence of e-commerce, e-banking, e-governance and other online services which required input of sensitive personal details have been affected by increased hacking of information. There are different methods that have been developed to increase information security mainly through the use of technology and network support on information security. Technological methods include authentication through password, token, biometrics; software including antivirus, content filtering, or encryption; and hardware through use of firewall techniques.   Network security support includes hacker hunters, police operations, and security services offered by network security service companies. Reference: Biham, E. & Shamir, A. (1991). Differential cryptanalysis of DES-like Cryptosystems. Journal of Cryptology, Vol. 4(1): 3-72 Dhillon, G. (2007). Principles of information systems security: text and cases. NY: John Wiley & Sons Down, M. P & Sands, R. (2004). Biometrics: An Overview of the Technology, Challenges and Control Considerations. Federal Computer Week, 21(13) Erin, B. (2005). Information security: Token. Boston, Technology Press Grow, B. & Bush, J. (2005). Hacker Hunters: An elite force takes on the dark side of computing.   Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_22/b3935001_mz001.htm Information Resources, (2009). Security tips: Password protection. Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http://www.utdallas.edu/ir/security/STpassword.htm Leyden, J. (2004). Enforcement is key in fighting cybercrime. Retrieved 28th April 2009 from http://www.crime-research.org/analytics/473/ Lighthouse Security Group, (2009). Enterprise security solutions. Retrieved 28th April 2009 http://www.lighthousecs.com/Practices/Enterprise-Security-Solutions/ McNab, C. (2004). Network Security Assessment. Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Whitman, M. & Mattord, J. (2007). Management of information security. Boston, Technology Press

Is Atticus a good father? Essay

However, I think that they were acting somewhat childish. In reverse, Atticus is definitely an excellent role model and a good father for Jem and Scout. Firstly, Atticus raised two children – Jem and Scout on his own and was always there for them. He was affectionate with his children and he was always ready with a big hug when they needed comfort. Also, he was a loving and caring father who cared about their education and tried to use as much time as possible out of his packed work schedule to teach them how to read. Moreover, he spent father-child bonding time with them by reading stories to them at night. Secondly, he taught his children about morals and values patiently. He guided them with everyday lessons in life. He set such a good example for his children, even when it means risking his safety. Obviously there was a case where he defended Tom Robinson though no one else would. This shows that he was showing his children that everyone deserved to be treated equally regardless of their skin colours and that one must do what is right even when that means doing something difficult. Thirdly, he taught his children valuable lessons through trivial incidents. For instance, he accepted payment in any form that his clients were able to give it, e. g. turnip greens, stove wood and hickory nuts, etc. It shows that he was teaching his children that money meant less than helping one’s human beings and that all people regardless of income or status deserved his help and friendship. Fourthly, although he allowed his children to play and explore freely, he was also a firm disciplinarian who always taught his children to think of how their actions will affect others and gave suitable punishments to them. For example, when Jem damages the camellia bushes of Mrs. Dubose, Atticus advised him to say sorry to such an old and sick lady. Mrs Dubose then punished him by asking him to read to her every afternoon for two hours. Atticus used this experience to teach Jem what real â€Å" courage† meant and focus on the principles of life and respects while upholding fairness and justice. To conclude, although Atticus is not a perfect father, he was very responsible and easily gained trust of Jem and Scout, which is something essential in every parent-child relationship.

Computer Attacks And Its Impact On The Security - 1466 Words

Introduction With the rising evolution of businesses, the evolution of business and institution data security has also evolved exceptionally. Various data security methods have been devised to ensure that vulnerability is mitigated but at the same time cyber criminals such as hackers have also evolved their data hacking methods as they look for the least weaknesses in a company and exploit it. The essay looks into various trends that have emerged in ensuring that data is safe by institution, the most vulnerable spots for various companies have been looked into too. When it comes to security of mobile devices and wireless networks, their security perspectives have been looked into in addition to the way the existing companies are protecting themselves from computer attacks. Trends in Security Network There has been developed even more severe and dynamic viruses that are used to hack various institution. A very good example is that of the Stuxnet virus believed to have been penetrated to the Iranian institutions by an adversary (unsubstantially claimed to be Israel or U.S.A) that is able to penetrate various Iranian systems and control their nuclear reactors, destroy oil pipelines and so on. The Iranian government has not been able to counter this virus as it is extensively dynamic and utilizes system weakness points or holes known as zero days. It has been used to shut more than a thousand of their systems and thus the need for them to redesign their security system andShow MoreRelatedAdware1371 Words   |  6 PagesInformation Security Week 2 A ssigment Define Key Terms. Adware | A software program that collects infor- mation about Internet usage and uses it to present targeted advertisements to users. Asset | Any item that has value to an organization or a person. 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So, exploits have to be solved so that hackers are not able to hack yourRead MoreSocial Engineering Attacks Fall Under Two Main Categories1311 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Over the last few years, there is one factor that has been prevalent in the majority of data security breaches. It is the manipulation of the organizations employee’s into providing the hacker the private or confidential information without realizing it. The use of social engineering, and fraud in data breaches has been steadily increasing over the last few years. It is the job of a security professional to ensure that network data remains confidential, has integrity, and is available. AllRead MoreNetwork Security: Role of the Network Administrator899 Words   |  4 Pagescompany network can be invaded by both internal and external attack. 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Confidentiality, integrity, and availability the three components of the CIA triad in network security can all be compromisedRead MoreCybercrime : Major Threats1116 Words   |  5 PagesCybercrime – Major Threats Introduction Computers suffer attacks, both at home and business atmosphere and they have develop steadily over the past twenty years. Based on the U. S. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), â€Å"†¦worldwide digital attacks reached an all-time high of nearly 20,000 in January, causing more than $8 billion in damages.† (Mueller, 2003). Events and occurrences on identity theft which is the act of impersonating another person for profit or gain – are increasing and growing crimesRead MoreCyber Security Case Analysis961 Words   |  4 Pagespolicy and the perspective attach vectors, an impact assessment was completed and counter measures identified. The counter measures also addressed the areas of current weaknesses and emerging weaknesses in hopes to maintain a strong cyber security posture. For current technology vulnerability the outdated antivirus was used an example that pertains to all corporations to include Yahoo!, where malware can be introduced into the companies system. The attack vector for this vulnerability occurs throughRead MoreCyber Vulnerabilities1352 Words   |  6 PagesWith cyber-attacks on the continuous rise, organizations public and private must address computer security vulnerabilities. SANS Institute has revealed â€Å"unpatched client-side software applications† as the top priority vulnerability for organizations globally. In conjunction with unpatched client software, vulnerable â€Å"Internet-facing web sites† can result in an organizations infrastructure to be compromised. In this study I will address the issue of unpatched client software, the impact to an organizations

In Cold Blood Book Review - 896 Words

If one is interested in reading a disturbingly detailed and factually based novel that chronicles the course and motives of complex crime, read Truman Capote’s â€Å"In Cold Blood: A True Account of a Multiple Murder and Its Consequences.† If one scares easily, is squeamish or wants to avoid imagining a remorseless, brutal killer around every corner, do not. In his 1965 nonfiction novel, Capote paints a disturbingly vivid picture of the quadruple murder of the Clutters, a highly regarded and semi-wealthy farming family from Holcomb, Kansas. In Cold Blood examines the incentives and methods used by the killers, as well as the effect these murders had on the small Kansas town. â€Å"In Cold Blood,† what many consider Capote’s masterpiece, was†¦show more content†¦Nancy Ewalt says I did – screamed and screamed. I only remember Nancy’s Teddy bear staring at me. And Nancy.† Throughout â€Å"In Cold Blood,† Capote illustrates several journalistic characteristics, one of which being oddity. The murder of a nice family from a small town is certainly unusual, especially when no motives or suspects fit the case. Additionally, when the killers were caught, their indifference towards the crime varied drastically from what one would expect.Show MoreRelatedTruman Capote is Famous for His Novels, Stories and Screenplays816 Words   |  3 Pageswrote many great books including In Cold Blood, Other Voices, A Christmas Memory, The Thanksgiving Visitor, many more wonderful stories. In Cold Blood was published September twenty fifth in 1965. Truman Capote received much help in his four years of writing In Cold Blood from Harper Lee who wrote To Kill a Mockingbird. He was very famous and was seen at the best parties and clubs. There is even a movie of the story In Cold Blood made December twelfth 1967 Rated R. In Cold Blood was his most famousRead MoreCold Blood by Truman Capote900 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1965, Truman Capote created the infamous tale known as â€Å"In Cold Blood†. 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In the mid 1960’s, a nonfiction novel journey began, beginning with the narrative journalistic qualitiesRead MoreIn Cold Blood by Gerald Clarke836 Words   |  3 Pagesyears Truman Capote spent writing the novel ‘In Cold Blood’. The film ‘Capote’ was by directed Bennett Miller after being adapted from a book of the same title, written by Gerald Clarke. It was set in Kansas and starred Seymour Hoffman as Truman Capote and c hronicled a six year period in the life of author Truman Capote whilst he wrote a book entitled ‘In Cold Blood’. The novel ‘In Cold Blood’ apparently gave rise to a new style of writing-as the book offered much from the murders’ perspective andRead MoreEssay on Mla Formats678 Words   |  3 PagesMLA Review Part 1: MLA In-text Citations – Rewrite the last line of each quote with a correctly formatted MLA in-text citation. 1. â€Å"One of his eyes resembled that of a vulture—a pale blue eye, with a film over it. Whenever it fell upon me, my blood ran cold; and so by degrees—very gradually—I made up my mind to take the life of the old man, and thus rid myself of the eye forever.† This is from the text book, Great Writing, which was edited by Harvey S. Wiener and Nora Eisenberg. It comesRead MoreTruman Capote Essay1439 Words   |  6 Pagesalcohol abuse became public when he was arrested for drunk driving. In 1982, he was told his brain was shrinking and that he had only six months to live. Truman died of alcohol/drug abuse on August 23, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. (www.nytimes.com/books) As an author he was widely praised for his style of writing after the publication of his earlier stories. Most of his short stories are based on childhood reflections. For example A Christmas Memory and The Thanksgiving Visitor are based on theRead MoreReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 Essay1496 Words   |  6 PagesReview of Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451 In Ray Bradburys novel Fahrenheit 451, the author utilizes the luxuries of life in America today, in addition to various occupations Read MoreEssay about Blood on the Forge1162 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Bryan Casallo Dr. Bailey April 17, y Blood on the Forge Book Review â€Å"Steel is born in the flames and sent out to live and grow old.   It comes back to the flames and has a new birth.   But no one man could calculate its beginning or end.   It would end when the earth ended.   It seemed deathless.† (302) Blood on the Forge, by William Attaway, illustrates one of the most important historical event in United States history, The Great Migration. Attaway sets Blood on the Forge in the midst of the SteelRead MoreTruman Capote Essay1705 Words   |  7 Pageswrite in a set genre, he created his own which is commonly known as nonfiction fiction. His novels, short stories, and plays are mostly recognized as literary classics. He is most well-known for his novella Breakfast at Tiffany’s (1958), and In Cold Blood (1965). Many films and other television media have been produced from Truman Capote screenplays and stories. Truman led a hard childhood stricken with divorce and many relocations from place to place. Capote discovered his writing ability aroundRead MoreAnalysis Of The Film Of Cold Blood 1757 Words   |  8 Pages The film â€Å"In Cold Blood† is about a family that lived in Holcomb, Kansas, and was brutally murdered in 1959. The cluster family consist of the father, mother and two of their teenage daughters, Kenyon, and Nancy. There was no clear motive; the murderers were Dick Hickock and Perry Smith. They escaped after committing the murder, but after investigations, they were arrested(Crowther). Whereas, the â€Å"Black Dahlia† is a film about the murder and investigation of Elizabeth Short. Her body was found abandoned

Sampling With or Without Replacement

Statistical sampling can be done in a number of different ways. In addition to the type of sampling method that we use, there is another question relating to what specifically happens to an individual that we have randomly selected.   This question that arises when sampling is, After we select an individual and record the measurement of attribute were studying, what do we do with the individual? There are two options: We can replace the individual back into the pool that we are sampling from.We can choose to not replace the individual.   We can very easily see that these lead to two different situations.    In the first option, replacement leaves open the possibility that the individual is randomly chosen a second time.   For the second option, if we are working without replacement, then it is impossible to pick the same person twice.   We will see that this difference will affect the calculation of probabilities related to these samples. Effect on Probabilities To see how we handle replacement affects the calculation of probabilities, consider the following example question. What is the probability of drawing two aces from a standard deck of cards? This question is ambiguous.   What happens once we draw the first card?   Do we put it back into the deck, or do we leave it out?   We start with calculating the probability with replacement.   There are four aces and 52 cards total, so the probability of drawing one ace is 4/52. If we replace this card and draw again, then the probability is again 4/52. These events are independent, so we multiply the probabilities (4/52) x (4/52) 1/169, or approximately 0.592%. Now we will compare this to the same situation, with the exception that we do not replace the cards.   The probability of drawing an ace on the first draw is still 4/52. For the second card, we assume that an ace has been already drawn.   We must now calculate a conditional probability.   In other words, we need to know what the probability of drawing a second ace, given that the first card is also an ace. There are now three aces remaining out of a total of 51 cards. So the conditional probability of a second ace after drawing an ace is 3/51.   The probability of drawing two aces without replacement is (4/52) x (3/51) 1/221, or about 0.425%. We see directly from the problem above that what we choose to do with replacement has bearing on the values of probabilities.   It can significantly change these values. Population Sizes There are some situations where sampling with or without replacement does not substantially change any probabilities.   Suppose that we are randomly choosing two people from a city with a population of 50,000, of which 30,000 of these people are female. If we sample with replacement, then the probability of choosing a female on the first selection is given by 30000/50000 60%.   The probability of a female on the second selection is still 60%.   The probability of both people being female is 0.6 x 0.6 0.36. If we sample without replacement then the first probability is unaffected.   The second probability is now 29999/49999 0.5999919998..., which is extremely close to 60%.   The probability that both are female is 0.6 x 0.5999919998 0.359995. The probabilities are technically different, however, they are close enough to be nearly indistinguishable.   For this reason, many times even though we sample without replacement, we treat the selection of each individual as if they are independent of the other individuals in the sample. Other Applications There are other instances where we need to consider whether to sample with or without replacement. On example of this is bootstrapping. This statistical technique falls under the heading of a resampling technique. In bootstrapping we start with a statistical sample of a population. We then use computer software to compute bootstrap samples. In other words, the computer resamples with replacement from the initial sample.